Autore: Fisioterapista Marta Bresciani

Fisioterapia e Osteopatia a Brescia

La coxalgia, o più semplicemente il dolore localizzato a livello dell’anca, è una condizione diffusa in diverse categorie di pazienti, dagli sportivi agli anziani, per via del grande numero di sollecitazioni che questa articolazione deve sopportare ogni giorno.

Se ti riconosci in questa situazione, se la tua anca ti provoca dolore anche in movimenti semplici pur non avendo subito traumi,questo articolo potrebbe esserti utile.

L’IMPORTANZA DELL’ANCA

L’articolazione dell’anca, detta anche coxofemorale, è la più grande articolazione dello scheletro umano e ha funzione fondamentale per quanto riguarda struttura e stabilità del nostro corpo.

Questa regione anatomica costituisce il collegamento tra il tronco e l’arto inferiore e, proprio per questo motivo, svolge un ruolo importante nella trasmissione delle forze durante le attività quotidiane (come il cammino) e nell’esecuzione dei gesti sportivi (come la corsa, il salto, lo squat…), arrivando a sopportare carichi molto importanti.

CENNI DI ANATOMIA

Le strutture ossee che costituiscono l’anca sono la testa del femore, la componente mobile di forma sferica, e la cavità acetabolare.

Il mantenimento della testa del femore all’interno dell’acetabolo è garantito da cartilagine, muscoli e legamenti.

I principali muscoli che intervengono su questa articolazione sono : ileopsoas, gluteo (grande, medio e piccolo), tensore della fascia lata, sartorio, adduttori (piccolo, medio e grande) pettineo, gracile, piriforme, retto del femore, otturatore esterno e interno, gemello superiore, gemello inferiore, quadrato del femore e ischiocrurali.

L’innervazione di questi muscoli è dovuta al plesso lombare o a quello sacrale.

I legamenti sono quattro : ileofemorale, ischiofemorale, pubofemorale e il legamento rotondo.

L’insieme di queste strutture, determina a livello fisiologico, la possibilità di effettuare cinque movimenti principali : flessione, estensione, abduzione, adduzione e rotazione (interna ed esterna).

IL DOLORE 

Il dolore tendenzialmente si presenta nella zona inguinale, nella regione glutea o lateralmente all’anca arrivando anche al ginocchio, e può essere associato a rigidità, ridotta mobilità e difficoltà nelle attività di carico come alzarsi da una sedia o salire le scale.

Purtroppo però, partendo dalle tendinopatie, passando per le fratture e arrivando alla coxartrosi, le condizioni patologiche/ disfunzionali, acute o croniche, che possono manifestarsi con questo sintomo sono molteplici, appunto perché ciascuno degli elementi costituenti potrebbe esserne responsabile.

A questo punto, come avrai intuito, il fai-da-te si rivela estremamente inutile, mentre diventa fondamentale riconoscere la causa effettiva del dolore affidandosi a dei professionisti.

IL RUOLO DEL FISIOTERAPISTA

Il ruolo del fisioterapista è proprio questo : individuare la causa reale del dolore all’anca attraverso la raccolta anamnestica, la valutazione ed eventualmente la lettura degli esami strumentali, con l’obiettivo di definire insieme al paziente un programma preciso, mirato al recupero attraverso la fisioterapia e il movimento.

È chiaro che ogni condizione patologica richiede tempi e modalità di intervento differenti, ma in linea generale possiamo dire in assoluta tranquillità che tutte le condizioni traggono beneficio da un buon programma riabilitativo strutturato con esercizi di mobilità, rinforzo e terapia manuale.

Autore: Fisioterapista Marta Bresciani

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